BSc (Ag) 3rd semester
Crop production technology I (Kharif crops)
By – Ajay maurya
Class – BSc (Ag)
University Name - mahatma gandhi kashi vidyapith university
Gmail – mauryaajay49391@gmail.com
Instagram - ________ajay______maurya____
Website - akm2024blogspot.com
App name – herbz 222 or agri 247 or casstudy
YouTube – casstudy ( SSC , RRB , UPSSSC, etc )
Crop production technology I (Kharif crops)
Cultivation of rice /
• : Oryza sativa
• (Family): Gramineae/Poaceae
• (Chromosome number): 2n = 24 ,40
• (Origin): - (- )
• (Pollination): - (Self-pollinated crop)
• : (Short day plant) C3
• :
o (Caryopsis)
o (Panicle)
o
o 1
(Geographical Distribution)
• , , , , , , , , , ,
—
• 90% Asia
• 1/3
•
—
•
starch, ,
• ()
•
•
Nutritive Value :
• Protein in white → 6–7%
• Protein in brown → 7–9%
• Carbohydrate → 72.5%
• Fat → 2.2%
• Cellulose → 11.8%
(Classication)
:
1. Oryza sativa: , - :
o (Indica):
o (Japonica):
o (Javanica):
,
2. Oryza glaberrima:
Climate (
)
•
•
21°–30°C
•
•
125–200
• 60°F 90°F (21°C–32°C)
•
26.5°C 29.5°C
• 20–25°C
• ( ) 25–30°C
Crop Season ( )
:
Season ()
Local Name
Sowing (
)
Harvesting ()
Aus (7%) (Bihar, W.B.)
May – June
Sep – Oct
Aman (84%) (India)
June – July
Nov – Dec
Boro (9%) (W.B., Odisha)
Nov – Dec
March – April
Improved Variety (
)
(Early variety):
• -4
•
•
-22
•
-33
• IR-1
(Medium variety):
•
• IR-8
• IR-24
• -52
•
( )
(Late variety):
• TA-9
• TA-26
• BL-206
• TA-100
(Varieties)
• (Jaya): - " "
.
• -8 (IR-8): " " , 1965
• (Hybrid Rice): -1 DRRH-1 . ..
• (Jalmagan):
Soil / pH:
•
•
• ()
•
pH 5.5 – 6.5
• pH
Preparation of field ( ):
•
(15–20 cm)
• 2–3
• (Puddling):
(Seed Rate):
o (Broadcasting): 100 /
o (Transplanting): 60-80 /
o (Hybrid rice): 15-20 /
Seed Rate ( )
• — 30 kg/hec
• — 50 kg/hec
• — 40 kg/hec
• — 15 kg/hec
Distance (
/ )
• — 20 × 15 cm
• — 20 × 10 cm
• SRI — 25 × 25 cm
:
o (Wet Bed Method):
o (Dapog Method):
11-14 1.5 3 /
o (SRI System - System of Rice Intensification):
25 x 25
(Planting Method)
•
→
/ (puddled elds)
• -
(Terrace elds) :
1.
▪
( )
2.
▪
( )
Transplanting ()
• 20–25
•
20 × 25 cm
• 2
Critical stages of Paddy (
)
3 :
1. — 7–10
2. Flowering (
) — 20–30
3. — 5–8
Water Management ( )
•
• 5 cm ,
•
/ SRI (System of Rice Intensication)
• 1983 Father Henri de Laulanié
•
• SRI "System of Rice Intensication"
• 7–10 /
Manure and Fertilizer ( )
• Dwarf variety ( )
o N = 120 kg/ha
o P = 60 kg/ha
o K = 50 kg/ha
• Desi variety ( )
o N = 60 kg/ha
o P = 40 kg/ha
o K = 30 kg/ha
FYM • 10–15 (
)
(Irrigation)
• , 900-2500 (
1200 )
• , 5 2-3
(Insects)
• (Yellow Stem Borer - Tryporyza incertulas):
(dead heart) (white ear)
• (Leptocorisa acuta): ,
• :
(Diseases)
• (Brown Leaf Spot):
1943
• (Blast Disease):
• (Khaira Disease): (Zinc)
2-3 5 /
• (Tungro Disease): (Nephotettix
virescens) ELISA test
(Blast disease)
• : Pyricularia oryzae ( )
•
• 20–22°C
:
• -
•
:
• / 500 gm
• 500–600
Bacterial Leaf Blight (
)
• : Xanthomonas oryzae
•
•
•
Interculture and Weed Control ( )
•
• 20–25
/
• 40–45
•
• , :
o 2,4-D,
o Saturn F-34 (),
o MCPA
• :
• :
o (Bhushening):
o : (Propanil)
Harvesting and Threshing ( )
• :
o → 100–150
o → 25–30
•
• , ,
•
Yield ()
• → 25–30 /
• → 40–50 /
Cultivation of maize/
• : Zea mays
•
(Family): Gramineae/Poaceae
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 20
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Cross-pollinated) ,
• : C4
• " " (Queen of Cereals)
•
(Tassel)
(Ear)
-
• (Caryopsis)
• (Lysine) (Tryptophan)
(Geographical Distribution)
•
, , ,
•
• , , , ,
• : , , ,
•
:
,
• : , ,
, , -
(Ethanol)
(Nutritive Value)
• : 75%
• : 10%
• (Fat): 4%
(Classication)
(endosperm type)
:
1. (Dent Corn) - Zea mays var. indentata:
,
(dent)
2. (Flint Corn) - Zea mays var. indurata:
" "
3. (Flour Corn) - Zea mays var. amylacea:
,
4. (Sweet Corn) - Zea mays var. saccharata: (sugar)
,
5. (Popcorn) - Zea mays var. everta: ,
6. (Waxy Corn) - Zea mays var. ceratina:
7. (Pod Corn) - Zea mays var. tunicata:
(Climate)
• (Tropical) (Temperate)
•
21°C–27°C
• (frost)
• 50-75
(Soil)
•
(sandy loam)
,
•
pH 6.5 – 7.5
(Crop Season)
,
• :
o
:
-
o : -
(Improved Varieties)
• (Hybrid Varieties): -1, -101, ,
•
(Composite Varieties): , , ,
• : , ,
• :
(Preparation of eld)
•
•
2-3
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• :
o : 20-25 /
o
: 18-20 /
o : 40-50 /
•
:
o (Row to Row): 60-75
o (Plant to Plant): 20-25
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• :
o N: 120-150 /
o P: 60-80 /
o K: 40-50 /
• :
,
(tasseling)
(Irrigation)
,
:
1.
(Tasseling)
2.
(Silking)
3.
(Weed Control)
•
20-25 -
• (Atrazine) (Simazine)
•
:
o (Stem Borer):
o
(Shoot Fly):
•
:
o
(Leaf Blight):
o
(Downy Mildew):
• :
(Harvesting and Threshing)
•
(cobs) (silks)
,
•
(Yield)
• : 50-60 /
•
: 30-40 /
Cultivation of Bajra/
• : Pennisetum glaucum
•
(Family): Gramineae/Poaceae
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 14
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Cross-pollinated) ,
• : C4
• "
" (Staple food of the poor)
•
- (Drought-tolerant)
•
• (Iron) (Zinc)
(Geographical Distribution)
•
-
• , ,
, ,
•
40%
• :
,
•
: (stalks)
•
:
(Nutritive Value)
• : 67%
• : 11%
• (Fat): 5%
• : 1.2%
(Classication)
,
:
1. (Desi Varieties):
2. (Hybrid Varieties): ,
(Climate)
•
•
25°C–35°C
•
• (400-650 )
(Soil)
•
(sandy loam) (black soil)
•
, -
•
pH 6.0 – 7.5
(Crop Season)
•
:
-
(
)
• : -
(Improved Varieties)
• (Hybrids):
o HB-1, HB-2, HB-3:
o WCC-75, RHB-173, GHB-538, GHB-558:
• (Composites):
o Pusa-23, ICMS-7703, Pusa-383:
(Preparation of eld)
•
•
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• :
o
: 4-5 /
o : 3-4 /
•
:
o (Row to Row): 45-60
o (Plant to Plant): 10-15
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 80-100 /
• P: 40-50 /
• K: 20-30 /
•
:
30-35
(Irrigation)
•
- ,
• ,
•
, (grain filling stage)
(Weed Control)
•
25-30 -
• (Atrazine)
•
:
o (Shoot fly):
o (Termites):
•
:
o (Downy Mildew):
o (Ergot):
o (Smut):
• :
(Harvesting and Threshing)
• (ear)
,
•
,
(Yield)
• : 20-30 /
• : 10-15 /
Coltivation of Finger Millet /
• : Eleusine coracana
•
(Family): Poaceae (Gramineae)
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 36
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Self-pollinated)
• : C4
• " " (coarse cereal) ,
•
- (Drought-tolerant)
•
•
•
(Geographical Distribution)
•
• , ,
, ,
•
• :
, , ,
•
: (straw)
• : ,
(Nutritive Value)
• (Calcium): 344 /100
• : 7.3%
• : 72%
• : 3.6%
• (Iron): 3.9 /100
(Classication)
,
:
1. (Desi Varieties):
2.
(Improved Varieties):
(Climate)
• (Tropical)
•
•
20°C–30°C
• 500-1000
(Soil)
• (loamy)
(sandy loam)
• , -
•
pH 5.0 – 8.0
(Crop Season)
•
:
-
• : -
(Improved Varieties)
• -45
• -102
•
-295
• VL-149
• GPU-28 ()
(Preparation of eld)
•
•
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
•
:
:
1. (Broadcasting): 10-12 /
2. (Transplanting): 4-5 /
•
:
o (Row to Row): 25-30
o (Plant to Plant): 10
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 40-60 /
• P: 20-40 /
• K: 20-30 /
• :
30-35
(Irrigation)
•
- ,
• , ,
(Weed Control)
•
20-25 -
• 2,4-D
•
:
o (Stem Borer):
•
:
o (Blast Disease):
o
(Downy Mildew):
• :
(Harvesting and Threshing)
• (ear)
,
•
,
(Yield)
• : 20-25 /
• : 10-15 /
cultivation of Pigeon Pea/
• : Cajanus cajan
•
(Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 22
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Cross-pollinated)
• :
(Perennial) ,
•
•
- (Drought-tolerant)
• (Rhizobium) ,
,
• "
" (Toor)
(Geographical Distribution)
•
• , , , ,
• :
,
•
: (stalks)
•
:
• :
(Nutritive Value)
• : 22-25%
• : 57%
• : 6.5%
• (Fat): 1.5%
(Classication)
:
1. (Early-maturing varieties): 120-150
2. (Medium-maturing varieties): 150-180
3. (Late-maturing varieties): 180-250
(Climate)
• -
•
25°C–30°C
• (frost)
(Soil)
• (loamy soil)
,
• (pH 5.5-7.0)
(Crop Season)
•
:
-
(
)
• : - (
)
(Improved Varieties)
• : UPAS-120, T-21, Pusa-991, Pusa-992
• : ICPL-87, Pusa-33
• : (Bahar), T-7
(Preparation of eld)
•
•
2-3
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• : 15-20 /
•
:
o (Row to Row): 60-75
o (Plant to Plant): 15-20
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 20-25 /
• P: 40-50 /
• K: 20-25 /
•
,
(Irrigation)
•
- ,
• ,
(Weed Control)
•
30-40 -
• (Imazethapyr)
•
:
o (Pod Borer):
•
:
o (Wilt):
o (Phyllody):
• :
(Harvesting and Threshing)
•
,
•
(Yield)
• : 15-20 /
• : 10-12 /
Coltivation of Mung Bean /
• : Vigna radiata
•
(Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 24
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Self-pollinated)
• : (Short-duration)
•
,
(sprouts)
•
• - (Nitrogen-fixing) ,
•
(intercropping) (green manure)
(Geographical Distribution)
•
• , , , , ,
• :
,
•
: (straw)
•
:
(Nutritive Value)
• : 24%
• : 63%
• : 4.7%
• (Fat): 1.3%
(Classication)
1. : 60-75
2. : 75-90
(Climate)
•
• (frost)
•
25°C–35°C
(Soil)
•
(loamy)
(sandy loam)
• , -
•
pH 6.0 – 7.0
(Crop Season)
(/)
• :
o
: -
o : -
• :
o
:
-
o : -
(Improved Varieties)
•
-105
• ML-267
• K-851
• -44
•
(Preparation of eld)
• 2-3
•
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• :
o : 20-25 /
o : 12-15 /
•
:
o (Row to Row): 30-45
o (Plant to Plant): 10-15
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 20 /
• P: 40-50 /
• K: 20 /
•
(Irrigation)
•
• ,
• ,
(Weed Control)
•
25-30 -
• (Pendimethalin)
•
:
o (Whitefly): (Yellow Mosaic Virus)
o (Pod Borer):
•
:
o (Yellow Mosaic Virus - YMV): ,
o
(Powdery Mildew):
• :
(Harvesting and Threshing)
•
,
•
(Yield)
• : 10-12 /
• : 8-10 /
Coltivation of Black Gram
• : Vigna mungo
•
(Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 24
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Self-pollinated)
• :
•
• - (Nitrogen-fixing) ,
•
- (Drought-tolerant)
• (green manure)
(Geographical Distribution)
•
• , , ,
,
• :
, , ,
•
: (straw)
•
:
(Nutritive Value)
• : 24%
• : 60%
• : 1.5%
• (Fat): 1.4%
(Classication)
1. (Early-maturing varieties): 60-90
2. (Late-maturing varieties): 90-120
(Climate)
•
•
25°C–35°C
• (frost)
(Soil)
• (loamy)
(sandy loam)
• , -
•
pH 6.0 – 7.5
(Crop Season)
• :
o
:
-
o : -
• :
o
: -
o : -
(Improved Varieties)
• -9 (T-9):
•
-19 (Pant U-19)
• -1008 (Mash-1008)
• . .
.-941 (IPU-94-1)
•
-30 (Pant U-30)
(Preparation of eld)
• 2-3
•
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• :
o : 12-15 /
o : 20-25 /
•
:
o (Row to Row): 30-45
o (Plant to Plant): 10-15
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 20 /
• P: 40-50 /
• K: 20 /
•
(Irrigation)
•
•
• ,
(Weed Control)
•
25-30 -
• (Pendimethalin)
•
:
o (Whitefly): (Yellow Mosaic Virus)
o (Pod Borer):
•
:
o (Yellow Mosaic Virus - YMV): ,
o
(Powdery Mildew):
• :
(Harvesting and Threshing)
•
,
•
(Yield)
• : 10-12 /
• : 8-10 /
Coltivation of Sesame /
• : Sesamum indicum
•
(Family): Pedaliaceae
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 26, 32
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Self-pollinated) ,
-
• :
•
(oilseed crop) ,
•
- (Drought-tolerant)
• ,
•
(Geographical Distribution)
•
,
• , , , ,
• : , (
)
• :
, ,
•
:
(oil cake)
(Nutritive Value)
• (Fat): 40-50%
• : 18-20%
• : 20%
• : 5%
• : 1.45%
(Classification)
( , ,
)
1. :
2. :
3.
:
(Climate)
• (Tropical) - (Sub-tropical)
•
25°C–35°C
• (frost), -
(Soil)
•
(sandy loam) (medium black
soil)
•
•
pH 5.5 – 8.0
(Crop Season)
• :
o
:
-
o : -
• :
o
: -
o : -
(Improved Varieties)
• -13, -12 (T-13, T-12)
•
-2 (Gujarat Til-2)
• (Pratap)
• -3, 4, 5 (PKDS-3, 4, 5)
•
(Krishna)
(Preparation of field)
•
•
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• : 3-4 / ( ) 2-3 / ( )
•
:
o (Row to Row): 30-45
o (Plant to Plant): 10-15
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 40-60 /
• P: 20-40 /
• K: 20-30 /
•
(Irrigation)
•
• ,
(Weed Control)
•
20-25 -
• (Lasso) (Stomp)
•
:
o (Sesame Leaf Folder):
o (Pod Borer):
•
:
o (Phyllody): ,
o
(Powdery Mildew):
• : /
(Harvesting and Threshing)
•
,
•
,
(Yield)
• : 10-12 /
• : 5-8 /
Coltivation of Groundnut /
• : Arachis hypogaea
•
(Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 40
• (Origin): ( )
• (Pollination): - (Self-pollinated)
• : (Oilseed crop) ,
•
• " "
• - (Nitrogen-fixing) ,
•
(sandy loam soil)
(Geographical Distribution)
• , ,
• ,
, ,
,
40%
• : (
), ,
(peanut butter)
•
:
(oil cake)
• :
,
(Nutritive Value)
• (Fat): 45-50%
• : 25-26%
• : 20%
• : 2.5%
(Classification)
:
1.
(Bunch Type):
o
o
2. (Spreading Type):
o
o
(Climate)
•
(Tropical) - (Sub-tropical)
•
25°C–30°C
• (frost)
(Soil)
•
(sandy loam)
• , pH 6.0 7.5
(Crop Season)
()
• :
o
:
-
(
)
o : -
• /:
o
: -
o : -
(Improved Varieties)
•
:
o TG-37A
o -2 (GG-2)
• :
o
-1 (GAUG-1)
o -13 (M-13)
(Preparation of field)
•
•
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• : 80-100 /
•
:
o
: 30 ( ) × 10 ( )
o : 45 ( ) × 15 ( )
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 20 /
• P: 40 /
• K: 20 /
• (Gypsum)
(Irrigation)
,
:
•
(Peg Formation):
10-15
• (Pod Development):
(Weed Control)
•
25-30 -
• (Pendimethalin)
•
:
o (Termites)
o (White Grub)
o
(Aphids)
•
:
o (Tikka Disease):
o
(Rust): -
• : /
(Harvesting and Threshing)
• ,
•
(Yield)
• : 25-30 / (
)
• : 10-15 / (
)
Cultivation of Soybean /
• : Glycine max
•
(Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 40
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Self-pollinated)
• : , "
" (Miracle Bean)
" " (Golden Bean)
•
•
,
(versatile)
• - (Nitrogen-fixing) ,
(Geographical Distribution)
•
, , ,
• , ( " " ), , ,
• : ,
,
, , (nuggets)
•
:
(oil cake)
• : , , - (biofuel)
(Nutritive Value)
• : 40%
• (Fat): 20%
• : 35%
• : 5%
(Classification)
(growth habit)
1. (Early-maturing varieties): 90-110
2. (Medium-maturing varieties): 110-130
3. (Late-maturing varieties): 130
(Climate)
•
•
25°C–30°C
• (frost)
(Soil)
• (loamy) (clayey loam)
•
•
pH 6.0 – 7.0
(Crop Season)
•
:
-
(
)
• : -
(Improved Varieties)
• -335 (JS-335)
• (Bragg)
• -472 (PK-472)
•
-81 (MAUS-81)
(Preparation of field)
• 2-3
•
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• : 75-80 /
•
:
o (Row to Row): 45-60
o (Plant to Plant): 4-5
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 20-30 /
• P: 60-80 /
• K: 20-40 /
•
(Irrigation)
• ,
:
o
(Flowering Stage)
o (Pod & Grain Filling)
(Weed Control)
•
20-25 -
• (Pendimethalin)
•
:
o (Stem Borer)
o
(Aphids)
o (Girdle Beetle)
•
:
o (Yellow Mosaic Virus - YMV):
o
(Rust):
-
• : /
(Harvesting and Threshing)
•
,
•
(Yield)
• : 20-25 /
• : 15-20 /
Coltivation of cotton /
• : Gossypium
•
(Family): Malvaceae
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 26 ( ), 2n = 52 (
)
• (Origin): (
), (
)
• (Pollination): - -
• :
(cash crop) " " (King of
Fibers)
•
() ,
•
• (Bt cotton) ,
(Pink Bollworm)
• ,
(Geographical Distribution)
• , ,
,
• ,
, , , ,
• ():
,
• : (cottonseed oil)
• :
(oil cake)
(Nutritive Value)
(unsaturated fatty
acids)
(Classification)
:
1. (Long-staple cotton): 27
2. (Medium-staple cotton): 21.5 27
3. (Short-staple cotton): 21.5
(Climate)
• (Tropical) (Sub-tropical)
• 21°C 30°C
•
(frost)
(Soil)
• (deep black cotton soil)
,
• (loamy)
•
pH 6.0 8.0
(Crop Season)
•
: -
• :
- (
)
(Improved Varieties)
• : ,
• : , , -4 (Hybrid-4)
• (Bt cotton): -1, -2 ( )
(Preparation of field)
• 2-3
•
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• :
o : 15-20 /
o : 1-1.5 / (
)
•
:
o : 60-120 (
)
o : 30-45
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 60-120 /
• P: 30-60 /
• K: 30-60 /
• -
(Irrigation)
4-6 :
1. (Branching)
2.
(Bolling)
(Weed Control)
•
20-25 -
• (Pendimethalin)
•
:
o
(Pink Bollworm): (bolls)
o (Whitefly):
o , (Thrips, Jassids)
•
:
o (Wilt):
o
(Bacterial Blight):
• : /
(Harvesting and Ginning)
• (bolls)
,
•
• (Ginning)
(Yield)
• : 20-30 / ( )
• : 8-12 / ( )
Cultivation of Jute /
• : Corchorus capsularis (
) Corchorus olitorius (
)
•
(Family): Malvaceae ( Tiliaceae)
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 14
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Self-pollinated)
• :
(cash crop) "
" (Golden
Fiber)
•
,
,
• -
(biodegradable)
•
(Geographical Distribution)
•
• , , , ,
80%
• (Fiber):
, , ,
• :
(Classification)
:
1.
(White Jute) - Corchorus capsularis:
,
2.
(Tossa Jute) - Corchorus olitorius:
(Climate)
•
• 25°C 40°C
• 100 200 ,
(Soil)
•
(alluvial soil)
•
•
pH 6.0 7.5
(Crop Season)
•
: -
• :
-
(Improved Varieties)
•
: -212 (JRC-212), -321 (JRC-321)
•
: -524 (JRO-524), -878 (JRO-878)
(Preparation of field)
• 3-4
•
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• :
o
: 7-10 /
o
: 5-7 /
•
:
o (Row to Row): 30
o (Plant to Plant): 5-7
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 40-60 /
• P: 20-30 /
• K: 20-30 /
(Irrigation)
•
,
(Weed Control)
•
3-4 -
•
(Fluchloralin)
•
:
o
(Jute Semilooper):
o (Hairy Caterpillar):
•
:
o (Stem Rot):
o (Anthracnose):
• : /
(Harvesting and Fibre Extraction)
• ,
• , (Retting)
• , ,
(Yield)
• : 20-25 / (
)
Cultivation of Cowpea/
• : Vigna unguiculata
•
(Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 22
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Self-pollinated)
• :
- (Drought-tolerant)
•
, , ( )
• " "
• - (Nitrogen-fixing) ,
(Geographical Distribution)
•
-
• , , , ,
• :
,
•
:
•
:
(Nutritive Value)
• : 24%
• : 60%
• : 10%
• : 0.08%
(Classification)
:
1. (Grain varieties): ,
2. (Vegetable varieties): ,
3. (Fodder varieties):
(Climate)
•
• 25°C–35°C
• (frost)
(Soil)
• (loamy)
(sandy loam)
•
•
pH 6.0 7.5
(Crop Season)
• :
o
:
-
o : -
• :
o
: -
o : -
(Improved Varieties)
•
(Pusa Komal):
•
(Pusa Barsati)
• (Rashmi)
• -152 (C-152)
(Preparation of field)
•
•
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• :
o : 20-25 /
o : 10-15 /
o : 30-40 /
•
:
o (Row to Row): 45-60
o (Plant to Plant): 10-15
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 20 /
• P: 40-50 /
• K: 20-30 /
•
(Irrigation)
•
- ,
•
(Weed Control)
•
20-25 -
• (Pendimethalin)
•
:
o
(Aphids):
o (Jassids):
•
:
o (Wilt):
o (Mosaic Virus):
• : /
(Harvesting and Threshing)
• : ,
• :
,
• ,
(Yield)
• : 10-15 /
Cultivation of Cluster Bean /
/
• : Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
•
(Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 14
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Self-pollinated)
• :
- (Drought-tolerant)
• , ,
(Guar Gum)
• , ,
• - (Nitrogen-fixing) ,
(Geographical Distribution)
•
,
• , ,
80%
• :
, ,
• :
•
:
(Nutritive Value)
• : 25-30%
• : 55-60%
• : 1.5%
(Classification)
( )
1. :
2. :
(Climate)
•
• 25°C–35°C
• (frost)
(Soil)
•
(sandy loam) (loamy)
• , pH 7.0 8.0
(Crop Season)
•
:
-
• : -
(Improved Varieties)
•
(Durgapura Safed):
• -936 (RGC-936):
• -365 (HG-365)
• -277 (FS-277)
(Preparation of field)
• 2-3
•
(Seed Rate)
(Spacing)
• :
o : 20-25 /
o : 15-20 /
•
:
o (Row to Row): 30-45
o (Plant to Plant): 15-20
(Manure and Fertilizer)
• N: 20 /
• P: 40-50 /
• K: 20-30 /
•
(Irrigation)
•
- ,
•
,
(Weed Control)
•
25-30 -
• (Pendimethalin)
•
:
o
(Aphids)
o (Thrips)
•
:
o
(Bacterial Blight):
o (Alternaria Leaf Spot): ,
• : /
(Harvesting and Threshing)
• : ,
• :
,
• ,
(Yield)
• : 10-15 /
• (): 50-80 /
Cultivation of Napier Grass /
• : Pennisetum purpureum
•
(Family): Poaceae ( )
•
(Chromosome number): 2n = 28
• (Origin):
• (Pollination): - (Cross-pollinated)
• :
(Perennial)
•
(fodder crop)
•
,
-
• (Elephant grass)
• (Hybrid varieties)
,
(Geographical Distribution)
•
• ,
, , , ,
,
• :
, ,
•
: (soil erosion)
• : (biofuel)
(windbreak)
(Nutritive Value)
• : 8-12%
• : 20-30%
• : 25-30%
(Climate)
•
• 25°C 35°C
• (frost)
(Soil)
• (loamy) (clayey
loam)
• , -
•
pH 5.5 7.0
(Crop Season)
•
,
•
(Improved Varieties)
•
-1
•
•
• -21 (NB-21)
(Preparation of field)
• 2-3
•
(Propagation)
(Spacing)
• (Vegetative propagation) ,
(Stem Cuttings) (Slips)
• :
o 3-4 (nodes) 45
• :
o
•
:
o (Row to Row): 60-90
o (Plant to Plant): 45-60
(Manure and Fertilizer)
•
• N: 100-150 /
• P: 40-50 /
• K: 40-50 /
•
(Irrigation)
•
• 10-12 15-20
(Weed Control)
•
25-30 -
• ,
•
:
o (Stem Borer):
o (Termites):
•
:
o
(Rust): -
• : /
(Harvesting)
•
60-70
• , 30-45
• 15-20
(Yield)
•
• : 200-300 // ( )
• 5-6
