BSc (Ag) 3rd semester
Crop production technology I (Kharif crops)
By Ajay maurya
Class BSc (Ag)
University Name - mahatma gandhi kashi vidyapith university
Gmail mauryaajay49391@gmail.com
Instagram - ________ajay______maurya____
Website - akm2024blogspot.com
App name herbz 222 or agri 247 or casstudy
YouTubecasstudy ( SSC , RRB , UPSSSC, etc )
Crop production technology I (Kharif crops)
Cultivation of rice /   
 : Oryza sativa
(Family): Gramineae/Poaceae
  (Chromosome number): 2n = 24 ,40
  (Origin): - (- )
 (Pollination):   -  (Self-pollinated crop) 
  :     (Short day plant)  C3  
 :
o      (Caryopsis)  
o      (Panicle)  
o        
o     1    
  (Geographical Distribution)
  , , , , , , , , , , 
            
    90%    Asia           

     1/3        
                
    —
        
  starch, ,     
          
   ()        
                  
        
Nutritive Value :
Protein in white → 6–7%
Protein in brown → 7–9%
Carbohydrate → 72.5%
Fat → 2.2%
Cellulose → 11.8%
 (Classication)
        :
1. Oryza sativa:    ,   - :
o  (Indica):              
o  (Japonica):              
o  (Javanica):            
  ,     
2. Oryza glaberrima:    
Climate (
)
    
  
   
  21°–30°C  
        

  125–200            
       6F  90°F (21°C–32°C)  
  

     26.5°C  29.5°C  
    20–25°C    
 ( )   25–30°C   
Crop Season (  )
     
     :
Season ()
Local Name
Sowing (
)
Harvesting ()

Aus (7%) (Bihar, W.B.)
May – June
Sep – Oct

Aman (84%) (India)
June – July
Nov – Dec

Boro (9%) (W.B., Odisha)
Nov – Dec
March – April
Improved Variety (
 )
  (Early variety):
 -4


-22
-33
IR-1
  (Medium variety):

IR-8
IR-24
-52

 
 ( )
     (Late variety):
TA-9
TA-26
BL-206
TA-100
  (Varieties)
 (Jaya):     -   " "     
.     
-8 (IR-8):  "   "   ,   1965    

  (Hybrid Rice):  -1  DRRH-1   . ..  
  
 (Jalmagan):           
Soil / pH:
           
  
    
 ()      

 pH  5.5 – 6.5  
pH         
Preparation of field (  ):
      
  (15–20 cm)
    
    2–3
          
 (Puddling):               
                  
          
  (Seed Rate):
o   (Broadcasting): 100 /
o   (Transplanting): 60-80 /
o   (Hybrid rice): 15-20 /
Seed Rate (  )
    — 30 kg/hec
    — 50 kg/hec
   40 kg/hec
    — 15 kg/hec
Distance (
/  )
  20 × 15 cm
  — 20 × 10 cm
SRI  — 25 × 25 cm
  :
o    (Wet Bed Method):       
o   (Dapog Method):          
11-14            1.5  3 /  
     
o   (SRI System - System of Rice Intensification):   
        25 x 25        
       
  (Planting Method)

   
/ (puddled elds)  

- 
 (Terrace elds)    :
1.      


 ( )
2.      

 ( )
Transplanting ()
  20–25       
   
     20 × 25 cm  
     

  2     
Critical stages of Paddy (    
 )
  3          :
1.    — 7–10      
2. Flowering (
   ) 20–30      
3.     — 5–8      
Water Management ( )
 
     
     5 cm    ,    
        
   / SRI (System of Rice Intensication)
  1983  Father Henri de Laulanié      
         
SRI   "System of Rice Intensication"  
       7–10 /    
Manure and Fertilizer (  )
Dwarf variety ( )
o N = 120 kg/ha
o P = 60 kg/ha
o K = 50 kg/ha
Desi variety ( )
o N = 60 kg/ha
o P = 40 kg/ha
o K = 30 kg/ha
FYM 1015   ( 
   )
     
  

(Irrigation)
          ,  900-2500  (
1200 )
     ,   5         2-3  
    
   

(Insects)


   (Yellow Stem Borer - Tryporyza incertulas):      
        (dead heart)    (white ear)  
 
    (Leptocorisa acuta):         ,  
   
:           

(Diseases)


      (Brown Leaf Spot):     
       1943       
    (Blast Disease):          
   
  (Khaira Disease):   (Zinc)          
    2-3       5 /   
   
    (Tungro Disease):          (Nephotettix
virescens)        ELISA test    
  (Blast disease)
: Pyricularia oryzae ( )
       
   20–22°C        
:
  -  
     
:
/  500 gm
500–600      
Bacterial Leaf Blight (
 )
: Xanthomonas oryzae
     
      
             
Interculture and Weed Control (   )
              
  20–25    
/  
   4045   
   
            
           , :
o 2,4-D,
o Saturn F-34 (),
o MCPA
 :        
 
:
o  (Bhushening):           
 
o :  (Propanil)       
Harvesting and Threshing (  )
 :
o   100150 
o   25–30   
  
    
  
   
  ,    ,       
    
   
󱜺󱜻󱜼󱜽 Yield ()
  25–30 /
  40–50 /
Cultivation of maize/   
 : Zea mays
 (Family): Gramineae/Poaceae

  (Chromosome number): 2n = 20
  (Origin): 
 (Pollination):   - (Cross-pollinated)  ,  
   
  :  C4 

 
  "  " (Queen of Cereals)   
      
 (Tassel)   
 (Ear)    
-    
    (Caryopsis)  
   (Lysine)   (Tryptophan)     
 
  (Geographical Distribution)
  
  , , ,      
  
    
     
   
  
  
 , , , ,      
  
 
   
:   , , ,      
    

:  
      ,  
   
   
 :   ,  , 
,   ,  -
 (Ethanol)    

 (Nutritive Value)
: 75%
: 10%
 (Fat): 4%
 (Classication)
      (endosperm type)  
     

   :
1.   (Dent Corn) - Zea mays var. indentata:    
 ,  
    (dent)  
2.   (Flint Corn) - Zea mays var. indurata:  
   
   " "    
3.  (Flour Corn) - Zea mays var. amylacea:   
 
 
  ,      
 
4.   (Sweet Corn) - Zea mays var. saccharata:    (sugar)  
 ,       
5. (Popcorn) - Zea mays var. everta:     ,   
 
 
6.   (Waxy Corn) - Zea mays var. ceratina:   
   

7.   (Pod Corn) - Zea mays var. tunicata:     
   


(Climate)
   (Tropical)   (Temperate) 
  
   
  21°C27°C  
  (frost)  
  
   50-75      
 (Soil)
    
   (sandy loam)  
  , 
   
  
 pH  6.5 7.5  
   (Crop Season)
    
      ,    
           
:
o
:
 - 

o :  - 

  (Improved Varieties)
  (Hybrid Varieties): -1, -101,, 

  (Composite Varieties): , , , 

   : , , 
 : 
   (Preparation of eld)
     
    

   
  
        2-3 
   

  (Seed Rate)  
 (Spacing)
 :
o  : 20-25 /
o 
 : 18-20 /
o   : 40-50 /
:
o    (Row to Row): 60-75 
o    (Plant to Plant): 20-25 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
 :
o N: 120-150 /
o P: 60-80 /
o K: 40-50 /
      : 
 ,  
 

    
 (tasseling)   
 (Irrigation)
        ,  
 
   
   :
1.  
(Tasseling)   
2. 
 (Silking)   
3.    
  (Weed Control)
  20-25    -
  
     (Atrazine)   (Simazine)   

   

 :
o   (Stem Borer):      
 
 
o
  (Shoot Fly):      
 
 

 :
o  
  (Leaf Blight):       
o
  
 (Downy Mildew):        
    
:    
       
 

   (Harvesting and Threshing)
 
 (cobs)    (silks)
 
     
 ,       
  
  
          

 (Yield)
 : 50-60 /

 : 30-40 /
Cultivation of Bajra/   
 : Pennisetum glaucum
 (Family): Gramineae/Poaceae

  (Chromosome number): 2n = 14
  (Origin): 
 (Pollination):   - (Cross-pollinated)  ,  
   
  :  C4 

 
  "  
 " (Staple food of the poor)     
           
 
- (Drought-tolerant)        
 
        
   (Iron)   (Zinc)    
     
  (Geographical Distribution)
   
     
  -
   

 , , 
, ,     
  
 
  
     40%    
   
:    
   ,      
  

:   (stalks)   
     
  
:         
 
   

 (Nutritive Value)
: 67%
: 11%
 (Fat): 5%
: 1.2%
 (Classication)
      
         
  
     ,   
    
 :
1.   (Desi Varieties):       

 
2.   (Hybrid Varieties):       ,  
    

(Climate)
    
 
  
   
  25°C35°C  
         
    

    (400-650   )       
 (Soil)
     
 (sandy loam)    (black soil)   
   
  
 
         ,   - 
  
  
 pH  6.0 7.5  
   (Crop Season)
  
       
:
 - 
 (
 
  )
:  - 

  (Improved Varieties)
  (Hybrids):
o HB-1, HB-2, HB-3:  
  
o WCC-75, RHB-173, GHB-538, GHB-558:  
    
 
  (Composites):
o Pusa-23, ICMS-7703, Pusa-383:      
 
   (Preparation of eld)
     
    

   
     
  
  (Seed Rate)  
 (Spacing)
 :
o 
: 4-5 /
o  : 3-4 /
:
o    (Row to Row): 45-60 
o    (Plant to Plant): 10-15 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 80-100 /
P: 40-50 /
K: 20-30 /
               
: 
   
  30-35  
 (Irrigation)
 
-  ,        
 , 
         
 
  ,      (grain filling stage)   
  
  (Weed Control)
  25-30    -
  
     (Atrazine)     
   

 :
o   (Shoot fly):   
   
 
 
o  (Termites):    
 
 

 :
o    (Downy Mildew):       
  
 
o   (Ergot):    
      
 


o  (Smut):      
:         
   
   (Harvesting and Threshing)
  (ear)
       ,      
 
   
  ,          
  
 (Yield)
 : 20-30 /
 : 10-15 /
Coltivation of Finger Millet /   
 : Eleusine coracana
 (Family): Poaceae (Gramineae)

  (Chromosome number): 2n = 36
  (Origin):
   
 (Pollination):   - (Self-pollinated)  
  :  C4 

 
  " " (coarse cereal)   ,     
 
   
 
- (Drought-tolerant)          
   
          
 
    
      
   
        
     
  (Geographical Distribution)
 
        
 , , 
,  ,   
  
 
         
   
:   
   , , , 
  
     

:    (straw)   
    
 :    ,    
  


 (Nutritive Value)
 (Calcium): 344 /100 
: 7.3%
: 72%
: 3.6%
 (Iron): 3.9 /100 
 (Classication)
    
    ,       

     
      :
1.   (Desi Varieties):       

 
2.
  (Improved Varieties):        
  

(Climate)
   (Tropical)  
    
  
 
   
  20°C30°C  
  500-1000           
 (Soil)
     (loamy)  
  (sandy loam)   

 
     ,   -    
  
 pH  5.0 8.0  
   (Crop Season)
    
       
:
 - 

:  - 

  (Improved Varieties)
-45
-102
-295
VL-149
GPU-28 ()
   (Preparation of eld)
     
      

   
        
  (Seed Rate)  
 (Spacing)
  :   
 
     :
1.  (Broadcasting): 10-12 /
2.   (Transplanting): 4-5 /
:
o    (Row to Row): 25-30 
o    (Plant to Plant): 10 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 40-60 /
P: 20-40 /
K: 20-30 /
      : 
    
  30-35  
 (Irrigation)
  
-  ,        
 ,        ,  
  
         
  (Weed Control)
  20-25    -
  
    2,4-D       
   

 :
o   (Stem Borer):    
 
 

 :
o   (Blast Disease):          
  
 
o  
(Downy Mildew):    
      
  
:         
   
   (Harvesting and Threshing)
  (ear)
  
 ,        
     
  ,       
     
 (Yield)
  : 20-25 /
  : 10-15 /
cultivation of Pigeon Pea/  
 : Cajanus cajan
 (Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )

  (Chromosome number): 2n = 22
  (Origin): 
 (Pollination):   - (Cross-pollinated)  
  :   
 (Perennial)  ,      
    

 
  
      
  
 
- (Drought-tolerant)        
 
   (Rhizobium)   ,  
  
   ,      
  "
" (Toor)    
  (Geographical Distribution)
         
 , , ,  ,    
 
 
 
   
:   
        ,    

  

:     (stalks)   
     

 
:             

 :
        

 (Nutritive Value)
: 22-25%
: 57%
: 6.5%
 (Fat): 1.5%
 (Classication)
           
   :
1.     (Early-maturing varieties): 120-150    
2.     (Medium-maturing varieties): 150-180   
3.      (Late-maturing varieties): 180-250    

(Climate)
    -
 
  
   
  25°C30°C  
  (frost)  
  
 (Soil)
       (loamy soil)  
  ,  
  
     (pH 5.5-7.0)       
   (Crop Season)
  
      
:
 - 
 (
 
  )
:  -  (  
)
  (Improved Varieties)
  : UPAS-120, T-21, Pusa-991, Pusa-992
  : ICPL-87, Pusa-33
   :  (Bahar), T-7
   (Preparation of eld)
     
    

  
  

    
    2-3 
  
  (Seed Rate)  
 (Spacing)
 : 15-20 /
:
o    (Row to Row): 60-75 
o    (Plant to Plant): 15-20 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 20-25 /
P: 40-50 /
K: 20-25 /
           ,  
    
 (Irrigation)
 
-  ,        
  , 
          
  (Weed Control)
  30-40    -
  
     (Imazethapyr)    
   
   

 :
o   (Pod Borer):          
   

 :
o   (Wilt):          
 
o  (Phyllody):        
 
    
:    
       
 

   (Harvesting and Threshing)
  
 
       ,     
 
    
  
        
 
 (Yield)
 : 15-20 /
 : 10-12 /
Coltivation of Mung Bean /   
 : Vigna radiata
 (Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )

  (Chromosome number): 2n = 24
  (Origin): 
 (Pollination):   - (Self-pollinated)  
  :      (Short-duration)  

 
    
   ,    
 
(sprouts)        
         
     
 
  - (Nitrogen-fixing)  ,     
 
  
     (intercropping)    (green manure)
    
  (Geographical Distribution)
   
       
 , , ,  , ,     
 

  
   
:   
   , 
 
      
  

:   (straw)   
      

 
:           
  

 (Nutritive Value)
: 24%
: 63%
: 4.7%
 (Fat): 1.3%
 (Classication)
    
             

   
1.    : 60-75     
2.     : 75-90   

(Climate)
     
  
  (frost)       
   
  25°C35°C  
 (Soil)
      (loamy)  
  (sandy loam)   

 
     ,  -    

 
  
 pH  6.0 7.0  
   (Crop Season)
  
   
  (/)      
:
o
:  - 
o :  -
:
o
:
 - 

o :  - 

  (Improved Varieties)
-105
ML-267
K-851
-44

   (Preparation of eld)
  2-3    
    

    

         
  (Seed Rate)  
 (Spacing)
 :
o  : 20-25 /
o : 12-15 /
:
o    (Row to Row): 30-45 
o    (Plant to Plant): 10-15 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 20 /
P: 40-50 /
K: 20 /
           
 (Irrigation)
       
 ,        
  ,
          
 
  (Weed Control)
  25-30    -
  
     (Pendimethalin)   
   
   

 :
o    (Whitefly):     (Yellow Mosaic Virus)
 
o   (Pod Borer):        
 



 :
o    (Yellow Mosaic Virus - YMV):     ,
    
o  
(Powdery Mildew):       

:            
   (Harvesting and Threshing)
  
    
,       
    
          

 (Yield)
 : 10-12 /
: 8-10 /
Coltivation of Black Gram   
 : Vigna mungo
 (Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )

  (Chromosome number): 2n = 24
  (Origin): 
 (Pollination):   - (Self-pollinated)  
  :       

 
        
     
        
 - (Nitrogen-fixing)    ,    
  

- (Drought-tolerant)         

    (green manure)      
  (Geographical Distribution)
        
 , ,  , 
,      
 
  
   
:   
         , , ,
           

:   (straw)   
     
 
:           
  

 (Nutritive Value)
: 24%
: 60%
: 1.5%
 (Fat): 1.4%
 (Classication)
               
  

1.     (Early-maturing varieties): 60-90     
2.      (Late-maturing varieties): 90-120    

(Climate)
     
  
   
  25°C35°C  
  (frost)       
 (Soil)
      (loamy)  
  (sandy loam)   

 
     ,  -    

 
  
 pH  6.0 7.5  
   (Crop Season)
     
       
:
o
:
 - 

o :  - 

:
o
:  - 
o :  -
  (Improved Varieties)
-9 (T-9):       
 
-19 (Pant U-19)
-1008 (Mash-1008)
. . 
.-941 (IPU-94-1)
 
-30 (Pant U-30)
   (Preparation of eld)
  2-3    
    

    

        
  (Seed Rate)  
 (Spacing)
 :
o : 12-15 /
o  : 20-25 /
:
o    (Row to Row): 30-45 
o    (Plant to Plant): 10-15 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 20 /
P: 40-50 /
K: 20 /
           
 (Irrigation)
       
        
  ,
          
 
  (Weed Control)
  25-30    -
  
     (Pendimethalin)   
   
   

 :
o    (Whitefly):     (Yellow Mosaic Virus)
 
o   (Pod Borer):   
 
 

 :
o    (Yellow Mosaic Virus - YMV):     ,
    
o  
(Powdery Mildew):       

:            
   (Harvesting and Threshing)
    
 
,       
    
          

 (Yield)
 : 10-12 /
: 8-10 /
Coltivation of Sesame /   
 : Sesamum indicum
(Family): Pedaliaceae

 (Chromosome number): 2n = 26, 32
  (Origin): 
 (Pollination):   - (Self-pollinated)  ,  
 -   
  :      

 
  
   (oilseed crop) ,       
 
- (Drought-tolerant)         

      ,        

        
  (Geographical Distribution)
  
   ,       
     
 ,  ,  , ,
  

 
 
   
:       ,     (   
) 
 
 :      
,  ,     
 

:     
 (oil cake) 
     
 

 (Nutritive Value)
 (Fat): 40-50%
: 18-20%
: 20%
: 5%
: 1.45%
 (Classification)
    ( , ,
)        


1.  :          
2.  :            
3.
 :          

(Climate)
   (Tropical)  - (Sub-tropical) 
    
  25°C35°C 
  (frost),    -   
 (Soil)
     
 (sandy loam)     (medium black
soil) 
  
      
  
 pH  5.5 8.0 
   (Crop Season)
    
       
:
o
:
-

o :  - 

:
o
:  - 

o :  - 
  (Improved Varieties)
-13, -12 (T-13, T-12)
 -2 (Gujarat Til-2)
 (Pratap)
 -3, 4, 5 (PKDS-3, 4, 5)
 (Krishna)
   (Preparation of field)
    
   

     
         
  (Seed Rate) 
 (Spacing)
 : 3-4 / ( )  2-3 / ( )
:
o    (Row to Row): 30-45 
o    (Plant to Plant): 10-15 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 40-60 /
P: 20-40 /
K: 20-30 /
         
 (Irrigation)
       
  , 
         

  (Weed Control)
  20-25    -
  
     (Lasso)   (Stomp)   
   
   

:
o    (Sesame Leaf Folder):    
 


o   (Pod Borer):      
 


:
o  (Phyllody):    , 
  
    
o  
(Powdery Mildew):        
:         /
 

   (Harvesting and Threshing)
         
,    
   
    
  ,         
  
 (Yield)
  : 10-12 /
  : 5-8 /
Coltivation of Groundnut /
  
 : Arachis hypogaea
(Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )

 (Chromosome number): 2n = 40
  (Origin):  ( )
 (Pollination):   - (Self-pollinated) 
  :     (Oilseed crop) ,      


 
    
     
 "  "             

  
  - (Nitrogen-fixing)    ,    
  
        (sandy loam soil)  
  

  (Geographical Distribution)
  , ,  
   
  
 ,
,  , 
,    
 
 
  
   40%   
   
:     (

),  ,     
  (peanut butter)     

:     
 (oil cake) 
     
 
 :
      ,    
   

 (Nutritive Value)
 (Fat): 45-50%
: 25-26%
: 20%
: 2.5%
 (Classification)
 
      
  :
1.
  (Bunch Type):
o         
   
o      
2.    (Spreading Type):
o       
    
o      

(Climate)
   (Tropical)  - (Sub-tropical) 
    
  25°C30°C 
  (frost)      
 
 (Soil)
       (sandy loam)   
  
      ,  pH  6.0  7.5    
   (Crop Season)
 
  
      ()    
:
o
:
-
 (
 )
o :  - 

/:
o
:  - 
o :  - 
  (Improved Varieties)
 :
o TG-37A
o -2 (GG-2)
  :
o 
-1 (GAUG-1)
o -13 (M-13)
   (Preparation of field)
    
   

  
   
        
  (Seed Rate) 
 (Spacing)
 : 80-100 /
:
o
 : 30  (  ) × 10  (  )
o   : 45  (  ) × 15  (  )
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 20 /
P: 40 /
K: 20 /
      (Gypsum)    


 (Irrigation)
       , 
  :
  (Peg Formation):
  10-15  
   (Pod Development):         

 
  (Weed Control)
  25-30    -
  
     (Pendimethalin)    
   
   

:
o  (Termites)
o   (White Grub)
o 
(Aphids)

:
o   (Tikka Disease):    
  
o 
 (Rust):   -
   
:         /
 

   (Harvesting and Threshing)
             ,   
    
    
         
 (Yield)
  : 25-30 / (
 )
  : 10-15 / (
 )
Cultivation of Soybean /   
 : Glycine max
(Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )

 (Chromosome number): 2n = 40
  (Origin): 
 (Pollination):   - (Self-pollinated) 
  :       ,  "
" (Miracle Bean) 
" " (Golden Bean)   

 
    
       
       
  ,    
 (versatile)
 
 - (Nitrogen-fixing)    ,     
 
  (Geographical Distribution)
  
  , , ,    
 

 ,   ( " "   ), , ,  

   
   
:    , 
, 
,  ,     (nuggets)
     

:     
 (oil cake) 
    
 
  
 :   , ,  - (biofuel)   


 (Nutritive Value)
: 40%
 (Fat): 20%
: 35%
: 5%
 (Classification)
        (growth habit)      

  
1.     (Early-maturing varieties): 90-110    
2.     (Medium-maturing varieties): 110-130    
3.     (Late-maturing varieties): 130      

(Climate)
     
 
    
  25°C30°C 
     (frost)    
 (Soil)
      (loamy)    (clayey loam)  

 
      
  
 pH  6.0 7.0 
   (Crop Season)
    
       
:
-
 (

  )
:  - 

  (Improved Varieties)
-335 (JS-335)
 (Bragg)
 -472 (PK-472)

-81 (MAUS-81)
   (Preparation of field)
  2-3    
   

     
         
  (Seed Rate) 
 (Spacing)
 : 75-80 /
:
o    (Row to Row): 45-60 
o    (Plant to Plant): 4-5 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 20-30 /
P: 60-80 /
K: 20-40 /
           
 (Irrigation)
       , 
  :
o
   (Flowering Stage)
o        (Pod & Grain Filling)
  (Weed Control)
  20-25    -
  
     (Pendimethalin)    
   
   

:
o  (Stem Borer)
o 
(Aphids)
o   (Girdle Beetle)

:
o    (Yellow Mosaic Virus - YMV):    

o 
 (Rust):  
-   
:         /
 

   (Harvesting and Threshing)
       

  ,     
  
    
          
 (Yield)
 : 20-25 /
 : 15-20 /
Coltivation of cotton /   
 : Gossypium
(Family): Malvaceae

 (Chromosome number): 2n = 26 ( ), 2n = 52 (
)
  (Origin):  (
  ),  (

  )
 (Pollination):   -  -    
  :   
  (cash crop)   "  " (King of
Fibers)   

 

   
  ()   ,    
  
    
  
  (Bt cotton)         , 
 
(Pink Bollworm)       
       ,        
  (Geographical Distribution)
  , , 
  ,    
 

 ,
, , ,  ,    

  
   
 (): 
  ,         
:      (cottonseed oil)   
:     
 (oil cake) 
     

 (Nutritive Value)
           
   (unsaturated fatty
acids)   
 (Classification)
        
  :
1.     (Long-staple cotton): 27     
2.     (Medium-staple cotton): 21.5  27    
3.     (Short-staple cotton): 21.5     

(Climate)
   (Tropical)   (Sub-tropical)  
    21°C  30°C     
  
    
 
       (frost)
    
  
 (Soil)
      (deep black cotton soil)  
  , 
       
     (loamy)        
  
 pH  6.0  8.0    
   (Crop Season)
    
     
:  -

: 
 -  (    
)
  (Improved Varieties)
 : , 
 : , , -4 (Hybrid-4)
  (Bt cotton): -1, -2 (     )
   (Preparation of field)
  2-3 
   

  
   
        
  (Seed Rate) 
 (Spacing)
 :
o  : 15-20 /
o  : 1-1.5 / (   
   )
:
o   : 60-120  ( 
)
o   : 30-45 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 60-120 /
P: 30-60 /
K: 30-60 /
  -    
 (Irrigation)
  4-6       :
1.  (Branching)
2.
  (Bolling)   
  (Weed Control)
  20-25    -
  
     (Pendimethalin)    
   
   

:
o
  (Pink Bollworm):   (bolls)   
 


o   (Whitefly):    
    
o ,  (Thrips, Jassids)

:
o   (Wilt):  

o 
 (Bacterial Blight):   
  
: /
        

   (Harvesting and Ginning)
  (bolls) 
       ,   

       
          (Ginning)  
 (Yield)
  : 20-30 / ( )
  : 8-12 / ( )
Cultivation of Jute /
 
 : Corchorus capsularis (
)  Corchorus olitorius (
)
 (Family): Malvaceae ( Tiliaceae)

  (Chromosome number): 2n = 14
  (Origin):   
 (Pollination):   - (Self-pollinated)  
  :   
   (cash crop)  "
 " (Golden
Fiber)    

 
  
   ,  
   ,     
     
  -
     (biodegradable)  
     
    
  (Geographical Distribution)
    
     
 ,  , , ,     
 
 
     
 
    80%  
 
   
 (Fiber):  
  ,   , ,   
     
 :
           
 
   
         
 (Classification)
   
     :
1.   
 (White Jute) - Corchorus capsularis: 
    ,
         
2.  
 (Tossa Jute) - Corchorus olitorius: 
    
   

(Climate)
     
  
    25°C  40°C    
  
 100  200       ,  

    
 
 
 (Soil)
       (alluvial soil)  
  
       
       
  
 pH  6.0  7.5    
   (Crop Season)
  
   
       
:  - 
:
 - 
  (Improved Varieties)
  
: -212 (JRC-212), -321 (JRC-321)

: -524 (JRO-524), -878 (JRO-878)
   (Preparation of field)
  3-4 
    

     
         
  (Seed Rate) 
 (Spacing)
 :
o   
: 7-10 /
o 
: 5-7 /
:
o    (Row to Row): 30 
o   (Plant to Plant): 5-7 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 40-60 /
P: 20-30 /
K: 20-30 /
 (Irrigation)
             ,
 
    
 
  
  (Weed Control)
  3-4    -
  
    
 (Fluchloralin)   
   
   

 :
o
 
 (Jute Semilooper):     
o    (Hairy Caterpillar):     
 
 

 :
o   (Stem Rot):           
o  (Anthracnose):   
  
:  /
       
 
    (Harvesting and Fibre Extraction)
     ,    
 ,      (Retting)      
             
  ,         ,     


 (Yield)
 : 20-25 / (
 )
Cultivation of Cowpea/  
 : Vigna unguiculata
 (Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )

  (Chromosome number): 2n = 22
  (Origin): 
 (Pollination):   - (Self-pollinated)  
  :  
- (Drought-tolerant)  

 
  
  ,   ,  ( )  

    
 "  "            
 
  - (Nitrogen-fixing)    ,   
   
  (Geographical Distribution)
   
    
  -
   

 , ,  , ,    
  
 
   
:  
     ,       
   

:       
  
    
  
 
:          
  

 (Nutritive Value)
: 24%
: 60%
: 10%
: 0.08%
 (Classification)
  
            
 
:
1.    (Grain varieties): ,    
2.    (Vegetable varieties): , 
   
3.    (Fodder varieties):  
  

(Climate)
   
 
  
    25°C35°C   
  
   (frost)   
 (Soil)
      (loamy)  
  (sandy loam)  

  
    
  
 pH  6.0  7.5    
   (Crop Season)
     
        
:
o
:
 - 

o :  - 

:
o
:  - 
o :  - 
  (Improved Varieties)
  (Pusa Komal):   
  (Pusa Barsati)
 (Rashmi)
-152 (C-152)
   (Preparation of field)
     
    

     
     
  
  (Seed Rate) 
 (Spacing)
 :
o   : 20-25 /
o   : 10-15 /
o   : 30-40 /
:
o    (Row to Row): 45-60 
o   (Plant to Plant): 10-15 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 20 /
P: 40-50 /
K: 20-30 /
           
 (Irrigation)
 
-  ,        
         
 
  (Weed Control)
  20-25    -
  
     (Pendimethalin)   
   
   

 :
o 
(Aphids):     

 
 
o  (Jassids):     
 

 :
o   (Wilt):     
 
 
o   (Mosaic Virus):         
:         /
 

   (Harvesting and Threshing)
  :      ,      
  :   

  ,  
 ,   
    
 (Yield)
: 10-15 /
Cultivation of Cluster Bean /  
/   
 : Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
 (Family): Leguminosae/Fabaceae ( )

  (Chromosome number): 2n = 14
  (Origin): 
 (Pollination):   - (Self-pollinated)  
  :  
- (Drought-tolerant)  
  

 
   , , 
        (Guar Gum)
     
     , ,      
   
  - (Nitrogen-fixing)    ,   
   
  (Geographical Distribution)
  
  ,   
     
 , ,  
 
    
 
    80%      
   
 :   
 ,       ,
     
  
:         
    
   

:      
     
    


 (Nutritive Value)
: 25-30%
: 55-60%
: 1.5%
 (Classification)
    
     (  )     
  
  
1.   :       
2.   :        

(Climate)
   
 
  
    25°C35°C   
  
      (frost)  
  
 (Soil)
     
  (sandy loam)   (loamy)   

 
    ,  pH  7.0  8.0   

   (Crop Season)
    
     
:
 - 

:  - 

  (Improved Varieties)

   (Durgapura Safed):  
-936 (RGC-936):   
-365 (HG-365)
-277 (FS-277)
   (Preparation of field)
  2-3
    

     
         
  (Seed Rate) 
 (Spacing)
 :
o   : 20-25 /
o   : 15-20 /
:
o    (Row to Row): 30-45 
o   (Plant to Plant): 15-20 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
N: 20 /
P: 40-50 /
K: 20-30 /
           
 (Irrigation)
 
-  ,        
      
  ,      
  (Weed Control)
  25-30    -
  
     (Pendimethalin)   
   
   

 :
o 
(Aphids)
o  (Thrips)

 :
o 
 (Bacterial Blight):   
  
o    (Alternaria Leaf Spot):   ,   
  
:         /
 

   (Harvesting and Threshing)
  :    ,      
  :   
 
  ,  
 ,   
    
 (Yield)
  : 10-15 /
  (): 50-80 /
Cultivation of Napier Grass / 
  
 : Pennisetum purpureum
 (Family): Poaceae ( )

  (Chromosome number): 2n = 28
  (Origin): 
 (Pollination):   - (Cross-pollinated)  
  :   
 (Perennial)        

 
  
           
(fodder crop)
   
, 
       -   
      
      (Elephant grass)    
            (Hybrid varieties)
      ,     
  (Geographical Distribution)
           
  
 ,  
, , , , 
,    
      
   
: 
  , ,        
 
 :    (soil erosion)     
 :     (biofuel)   
(windbreak)      

 (Nutritive Value)
: 8-12%
: 20-30%
: 25-30%

(Climate)
      
  
    25°C  35°C    
  
  (frost)       
 (Soil)
         (loamy)    (clayey
loam)   
  
        ,  -   
  
  
 pH  5.5  7.0    
   (Crop Season)
   
  ,  
   
   
   
       
  (Improved Varieties)
 -1


-21 (NB-21)
   (Preparation of field)
  2-3  
    

   
  

        
 (Propagation) 
 (Spacing)
     (Vegetative propagation)   , 
   (Stem Cuttings)   (Slips)   
 :
o 3-4  (nodes)    45       
:
o     
    
:
o    (Row to Row): 60-90 
o   (Plant to Plant): 45-60 
   (Manure and Fertilizer)
           
N: 100-150 /
P: 40-50 /
K: 40-50 /
        
 (Irrigation)
    
        
   10-12     15-20     
  (Weed Control)
  25-30    -
  
   ,      
   

 :
o  (Stem Borer):    
 

o  (Termites):    
 
  

 :
o 
 (Rust):   -
    
:    /
   
 (Harvesting)
 
  60-70    
 ,  30-45       
  15-20       
   
 (Yield)
     
   
 : 200-300 // (  )
  5-6     